Comparison of the upper extremity physical performance tests between asymptomatic adults with and without scapular dyskinesis

Abstract Introduction Physical performance tests (PPTs) are screening tools widely available, easy to apply, and that can be performed in different environments and contexts. Scapular dyskinesis can be related to changes in glenohumeral angulation, acromioclavicular joint strain, subacromial space dimension, shoulder muscle strength/activation and humeral position/motion. Few studies were developed to understand the influence of aspects such as strength, stability mobility, and scapular dyskinesis on the scores of the upper extremity PPTs. Objective To compare the performance in the Closed Kinetic Chain Upper Extremity Stability Test (CKCUEST), Seated Medicine Ball Throw Test (SMBT) and Upper Quarter Y Balance Test (UQYBT) between asymptomatic adults with and without scapular dyskinesis. Methods Cross-sectional study with 20 asymptomatic individuals: 10 with scapular dyskinesis and 10 without scapular dyskinesis. The average number of touches, number of touches normalized by height, and power score in the CKCUEST, distance covered by the ball in the SMBT, reach in the medial, inferolateral, and superolateral directions, total excursion and composite score of the UQYBT were compared between both groups. Results No significant differences were found for all variables (p > 0.05). Small to moderate effect sizes were found for the scores of the CKCUEST (d = 0.16-0.78), a small effect size was found for the distance in the SBMT (d = 0.12), and small to moderate effect sizes were found for the scores of the UQYBT (d = 0.02-0.43). The scapular dyskinesis group presented better performance in all tests. Conclusion The presence of scapular dyskinesis in asymptomatic individuals is not a factor related to worse scores in upper extremity physical performance tests.

Resumo Introdução Os testes de desempenho físico (PPTs) são instrumentos de triagem amplamente disponíveis, de fácil aplicação e que podem ser realizados em diferentes ambientes e contextos. A discinesia escapular pode estar relacionada a alterações na angulação glenoumeral, tensão na articulação acromioclavicular, dimensão do espaço subacromial, força/ativação muscular do ombro e posição/movimento umeral. Poucos estudos foram desenvolvidos para entender a influência de aspectos como força, estabilidade, mobilidade e discinese escapular nos escores dos PPTs de membros superiores. Objetivo Comparar o desempenho no Teste de Estabilidade de Extremidade Superior de Cadeia Cinética Fechada (CKCUEST), Teste de Arremesso de Medicine Ball Sentada (SMBT) e Teste de Equilíbrio em Y do Quarto Superior (UQYBT) entre adultos assintomáticos com e sem discinesia escapular. Métodos Estudo transversal com amostra de 20 indivíduos assintomáticos: 10 com discinesia escapular e 10 sem discinesia escapular. Comparou-se o número médio de toques, número de toques normalizados pela altura e pontuação de potência no CKCUEST, distância percorrida pela bola no SMBT, alcance nas direções medial, inferolateral e superolateral, excursão total e escore composto do UQYBT entre ambos os grupos. Resultados Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas para todas as variáveis (p > 0,05). Tamanho de efeito pequeno a moderado foi encontrado para os escores do CKCUEST (d = 0,16-0,78), tamanho de efeito pequeno foi encontrado para a distância no SBMT (d = 0,12) e tamanho de efeito pequeno a moderado foi encontrado para as pontuações do UQYBT (d = 0,02-0,43). O grupo com discinesia escapular apresentou melhor desempenho em todos os testes. Conclusão A pre-sença de discinesia escapular em indivíduos assintomáticos não é um fator relacionado a piores escores em testes de desempenho físico de membros superiores.

Testing the invariance of the metacognitive monitoring test / Investigando a invariância do teste de monitoramento metacognitivo / Investigando la invarianza de la prueba de monitoreo metacognitivo

Metacognition is predominantly measured by the self-report and think-aloud methods. This is problematic since they produce considerable both respondent and confirmatory biases, which implies damage to the measurement. The Metacognitive Monitoring Test (MMT) was created to evaluate metacognition through performance and eliminate the aforementioned biases. There is evidence of MMT convergent, divergent, structural, predictive and incremental validity. This article expands the validity studies about the MMT by analyzing the configural, metric and scalar invariance of MMT across sex, nationality, and educational level variables. The sample is composed of Brazilian and Honduran subjects, as well as 6st to 12st grades and higher education students. Results indicate configural, metric and scalar invariance for the sex variable, as well as configural invariance and metric and scalar partial invariance for nationality and educational level. It is concluded that the MMT allows comparing means of the latent variable measured in the analyzed groups. (AU)

Há uma hegemonia dos métodos de autorrelato e thinkaloud para avaliar metacognição. Isso é problemático, pois eles geram substanciais vieses do respondente e confirmatório, trazendo prejuízo à medida. O Teste de Monitoramento Metacognitivo (TMC) foi criado para avaliar a metacognição mediante o desempenho e eliminar os vieses supramencionados. Há evidências de validade convergente, divergente, estrutural, preditiva e incremental do TMC. Este artigo amplia os estudos de validade e analisa a invariância configural, métrica e escalar do TMC, em relação ao sexo, nacionalidade, e nível educacional. A amostra do estudo é composta por brasileiros e hondurenhos, e estudantes da 6ª à 12ª séries da educação básicae ensino superior. Os resultados indicam invariância configural, métrica e escalar para a variável sexo, assim como invariância configural e invariância parcial métrica e escalar para nacionalidade e nível educacional. Conclui-se que o TMC permite comparar médias da variável latente mensurada nos grupos analisados. (AU)

Hay un predominio de métodos de auto-reporte e think aloud para evaluar la metacognición. Esto es problemático, ya que dichos métodos producen un considerable sesgo de respuesta y confirmación, lo que implica un perjuicio en la medición. La Prueba de Monitoreo Metacognitivo (PMM) fue diseñada para evaluar la metacognición por medio del desempeño y eliminar los sesgos mencionados anteriormente. Hay evidencia de validez convergente, divergente, estructural, predictiva e incremental de la PMM. Este artículo amplía los estudios de validez sobre la PMM, analizando la invarianza configural, métrica y escalar de la PMM con respecto a las variables sexo, nacionalidad y nivel educativo. La muestra del estudio está formada por brasileños y hondureños, y estudiantes de 6º a 12º grado de educación básica y educación superior. Los resultados indican invarianza configural, métrica y escalar para la variable sexo así como invarianza configural e invarianza parcial escalar y métrica para nacionalidad y nivel educativo. Se concluye que la PMM permite comparar medias de la variable latente medida en los grupos analizados. (AU)

Specific Learning Disability Assessment and Interpretation: NIMHANS SLD Battery and Beyond

To diagnose Specific Learning Disability (SLD) in India, only ‘NIMHANS Specific Learning Disability Battery (NSB)’ is accepted for assessment and certification of disability. Earlier editions of the NSB used ‘functioning at three standards below the current class of the child’ to arrive at a diagnosis of SLD, and was simple to administer and interpret. Given these, majority of psychologists used it in their routine assessments, and in most of the cases, it was relatively easy to diagnose SLD with this battery. A major limitation faced when using the NSB was that it had test items only till the 7th grade. In the updated NSB, there are test items till the 10th grade, which is definitely a big upgrade. However, as the battery is relatively concise and does not clearly describe the nuances of assessment and interpretation in marginal and complex scenarios, some young psychologists and research scholars might find it difficult to diagnose SLD. Some of these scenarios are, when the child shows problems in academics but does not exactly fulfil the NSB criteria; when the child is having problems with second language instead of the first language; when the child is from an international curriculum; when the child is studying in a class higher than grade 10; when comprehension appears to be impaired; and/or the issue of whether or not to have so many subtypes of SLD. This article highlights some of these issues, discusses and attempts to provide possible solutions with respect to assessment and interpretation.

Factors influencing the executive functioning of patients with acquired brain injury / 中华物理医学与康复杂志

Objective:To explore the factors influencing executive functioning after a brain injury and analyze the relationship between executive functioning and other cognitive functions.Methods:Forty-six brain injury survivors were given the Executive Function Performance Task (EFPT) assessment and the Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment (LOTCA). The scores and time of the EFPT tasks, and the orientation, perception, visual motor organization, thinking, and attention and concentration results in the LOTCA were observed. Regression analysis compared the males and females, those younger and older than 40, those with more or less than 12 years of education, trauma and stroke survivors, as well as those with left, right and bilateral lesion to isolate the factors most influencing executive functioning.Results:The average EFPT score on the cooking task, the medication score and the total score of the young group were all significantly higher than those of the older group. Their telephone time, medication time and bill payment time were all significantly shorter. Those with more than 12 years of education had average scores on the cooking, bill payment and EFPT significantly higher than those with less than 12 years of education. The average bill paying and total EFPT scores of the brain trauma group were significantly higher than the stroke group′s averages. No significant differences were observed between the different genders or those with different injury sites. Age was the strongest predictor of total EFPT scores. Except for the medication scores, the average scores of the other three tasks and the total score of EFPT were moderately correlated with the visual motor organization, thinking, attention and concentration, and total LOTCA scores, with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.31 to 0.64.Conclusions:Older persons and those will less education tend to have worse executive functioning. Traumatic damage to executive functioning is more serious than that caused by stroke. Executive functioning is closely related to visual-motor organization, and to the ability to think, attend and concentrate.

Asociación de la masa muscular de miembros inferiores con el rendimiento en el salto vertical / Association of lower limb muscle mass to vertical jump performance

Introducción: Actualmente existen pocos estudios que relacionen la masa muscular de miembros inferiores y el salto vertical. Objetivo: Describir la asociación entre la masa muscular de miembros inferiores y el salto vertical en sujetos que practican musculación. Método: Estudio correlacional-exploratorio, con enfoque cuantitativo y una muestra a conveniencia de diez hombres (edad de 17,40±2,32 años, talla de 172,10 ± 5,76 cm y un peso corporal de 79,13 ± 19,54 Kg) practicantes de musculación participaron voluntariamente. Para estimar la masa muscular de miembros inferiores se utilizó una ecuación validada y se aplicó el salto con contramovimiento (countermovement jump, CMJ) y sentadilla con salto (squat jump, SJ). El análisis estadístico se efectuó en PSPP para Windows 7 para aplicar la prueba de normalidad de Shapiro-Wilk y el coeficiente correlacional de Pearson. Resultados: Los datos obtenidos presentaron distribución normal (p > 0,05), así mismo la masa muscular de miembros inferiores evidenció una relación negativa y significativa con salto con contramovimiento (countermovement jump, CMJ) (r = -0,73; p = 0,02), e igualmente con sentadilla con salto (squat jump, SJ) (r = -0,73; p = 0,02). Conclusión: La masa muscular de miembros inferiores no es un buen predictor del rendimiento en el salto vertical(AU)

Introduction: Few studies are currently available relating lower limb muscle mass and vertical jump. Objective: Describe the association between lower limb muscle mass and vertical jump in subjects who practice weight training. Method: A quantitative correlational-exploratory study was conducted of a convenience sample of ten men (age 17.40 ± 2.32 years, height 172.10 ± 5.76 cm and body weight 79.13 ± 19.54 kg) who practice weight training. Participation was voluntary. Lower limb muscle mass was estimated with a validated equation, and countermovement jump (CMJ) and squat jump (SJ) were considered. Statistical analysis was based on the software PSPP for Windows 7 to apply the Shapiro-Wilk normality test and Pearson's correlational coefficient. Results: The data obtained displayed a normal distribution (p > 0.05), with lower limb muscle mass exhibiting a negative significant relationship to countermovement jump (CMJ) (r = -0.73; p = 0.02) and squat jump (SJ) (r = -0.73; p = 0.02). Conclusion: Lower limb muscle mass is not a good predictor of vertical jump performance(AU)

Thoracoscopic instruments do not interfere in the outcome of uncomplicated, experimental, video-assisted pulmonary lobectomy / Instrumentos toracoscópicos não interferem no desfecho da lobectomia pulmonar videoassistida experimental não complicada

ABSTRACT Objective: Since its first report, video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) lung lobectomy was carried out with the use of conventional surgical instruments, used in laparoscopy and open thoracotomy. These instruments are expensive, not standardized and there are a variety of models and manufacturers. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of the use of these instruments on the experimental pulmonary lobectomy. Methods: We used a modified surgical simulator that uses a porcine heart-lung block filled with tomato sauce, and tested specific (Group 1) and regular (Group 2) instruments. Each group includes 15 experiments. Results: The median total time, excluding the time spent to correct the lesions, was 45.08 and 45.81 minutes, respectively in Group 1 and Group 2. There was no statistical difference between the total times (p=0.58). The only statistically different was seen for partial times regarding the elapsed time to cut and suture of lung fissures (p=0.03 and 0.04, respectively). There were more direct lesions and indirect leaks in Group 2, but without statistical significance (p=1.000 and p=0.203, respectively). The mean time spent for the diagnosis and correction of these events was 1.77 minutes with a standard deviation of 1.18 for Group 1 and 2.72 ± 1.11 minutes for Group 2 (p=0.044). Conclusion: The use of minimally invasive instruments is not associated with time improvement spent with experimental video-assisted lung lobectomy and does not lead to a faster or safer surgery. The use of VATS instruments makes correction of adverse events faster when they occur.

RESUMO Objetivo: desde os primeiros registros, a lobectomia pulmonar por cirurgia torácica videoassistida (CTVA) foi feita usando instrumentos convencionais e de laparoscopia. Recentemente instrumentais específicos para CTVA surgiram. Esses instrumentais têm custo elevado, não são padronizados existindo uma variedade de modelos e fabricantes. Buscou-se determinar o impacto do uso desses instrumentais na realização da lobectomia pulmonar superior esquerda experimental. Métodos: foi usado simulador modificado com bloco de coração-pulmões preenchidos com molho de tomate para testar o uso de instrumental dedicado de CTVA e de cirurgia convencional (Grupo 1 e Grupo 2, respectivamente). Cada grupo inclui 15 experimentos. Resultados: a mediana do tempo total, excluído o tempo para corrigir vazamentos, foi de 45,8 e 45,81 minutos, respectivamente para o Grupo 1 e Grupo 2. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre os tempos totais (p=0,58). Os únicos tempos parciais estatisticamente diferentes foram os para cortar e suturar a fissura pulmonar (p=0,03 e 0,04, respectivamente). Ocorreram mais lesões diretas e vazamentos indiretos no Grupo 2, mas sem significância estatística (p=1,000 e 0,203, respectivamente). A média de tempo gasto para diagnosticar e corrigir os eventos de lesão e vazamento foi de 1,77 minutos com desvio padrão de 1,18 para o Grupo 1 e 2,72±1,11 minutos para o Grupo 2 (p=0,044). Conclusão: o uso de instrumentos para CTVA não torna a cirurgia mais rápida, nem mais segura. O uso de instrumentos de CTVA permitiu uma correção mais rápida dos eventos adversos ocorridos.

Analysis of the execution of core tactical principles and technical efficiency of primary school futsal players / Análise da execução de princípios táticos fundamentais ofensivos e eficácia técnica de escolares praticantes de futsal

Abstract The study aimed to analyze the core tactical offensive principles and technical efficiency of primary school futsal players. Thirty-three students from a school in Paraná participated in the study. The System of Tactical Assessment in Soccer (FUT-SAT) and the System of Notational Analysis in Small-sided Soccer Games were used for tactical-technical analysis. It was found that the tactical principle "offensive coverage" was most frequently executed by the primary school futsal players (p = 0.01), followed by "width and length" without ball (p < 0.01). Moderate and strong significant correlations were identified between the execution frequency of the core tactical principles "penetration", "offensive coverage", "width and length without ball", "offensive unity" and efficiency in technical skills (from r = 0.43 to r = 0.82, p < 0.05). It is concluded that there is a model of playing near the game center in the presented age group, and that the efficiency of executing technical skills is associated with tactical behavior in game situation.

Resumo O estudo objetivou analisar os princípios táticos fundamentais ofensivos e a eficácia técnica de escolares praticantes de futsal. Participaram do estudo 33 alunos de uma escola no Paraná. Utilizou-se o Sistema de Avaliação Tática no Futebol (FUT-SAT) e o Sistema de Análise Notacional em Jogos Reduzidos de Futebol para análise tático-técnica. Constatou-se que o princípio tático "cobertura ofensiva" foi executado com mais frequência pelos escolares praticantes de futsal (p = 0,01) seguido pelo princípio "espaço sem bola" (p < 0,01). Correlações significativas moderadas e fortes foram identificadas entre a frequência de execução dos princípios táticos fundamentais "penetração", "cobertura ofensiva", "espaço com bola", "unidade ofensiva" e a eficiência em habilidades técnicas (de r = 0,43 a r = 0,82, p < 0,05). Conclui-se que no grupo etário avaliado, existe um modelo de jogar próximo ao centro de jogo e que a eficiência de execução técnica está associada com o comportamento tático em situação de jogo.

La gestión del tiempo como competencia docente en la clase de Danza Clásica / A gestão do tempo como competência docente na classe de Dança Clássica / Time management as a teaching competence in classical Dance Lessons

Esta investigación se ha llevado a cabo para conocer las diferencias en las variables temporales que conforman la competencia docente "Tiempo de compromiso motor" en la clase de Danza Clásica, bien acompañada de música grabada o por profesor pianista acompañante de danza. Se ha procedido al análisis de 50 grabaciones con ambos soportes musicales en un Conservatorio Superior de Danza de 89 alumnas que realizaban sus clases en un aula de ballet. Los resultados obtenidos destacan que según el soporte musical utilizado hay diferencias en las categorías de "Tiempo de Tarea" y "Tiempo de Organización", mostrándose un mayor valor en el "Tiempo de Tarea" en las sesiones en las que se utilizó la música en vivo, así como un menor tiempo en la "Organización", por lo que emplear la música en vivo podría proporcionar sesiones más productivas y con menor pérdida de tiempo

Esta pesquisa foi realizada com o objetivo de conhecer as diferenças nas variáveis temporais que compõem a competência docente, "Tempo de compromisso motor" nas aulas de Dança Clássica, seja acompanhado por música gravada ou por professor pianista acompanhando a dança. A análise de 50 gravações com ambos os suportes musicais foi realizada em um Conservatório Superior de Dança de 89 alunos que realizaram suas aulas em uma sala de ballet. Os resultados obtidos destacam que, de acordo com o suporte musical utilizado, existem diferenças nas categorias de "Tempo de Tarefa" e "Tempo de Organização", mostrando um maior valor no "Tempo de Tarefa" nas sessões em que a música ao vivo foi utilizada, bem como um menor tempo na "Organização", de modo que o uso de música ao vivo poderia proporcionar sessões mais produtivas com menor perda de tempo

This study looked into time variable differences in the teaching competence "Time of motor commitment" in Classical Dance lessons accompanied by either recorded music or a pianist teacher. Fifty recordings of 89 students of a Higher Education Dance Conservatory were analyzed in their ballet lessons with both musical supports. The results show differences in the categories of "Task Time" and "Organization Time" according to the musical support used, showing longer "Task Time" and shorter "Organization time" in lessons with live music. Therefore, live music could provide more productive lessons with less loss of time

MRI Correlation with Functional Scores Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Surgery

Introduction: An anterior cruciate ligament tear is the mostcommon ligament tear in the knee joint. Anterior cruciateligament reconstruction is an accepted intervention for noncoping anterior cruciate ligament injured subjects. The tornligament is removed from the knee before the graft is insertedin an arthroscopic procedure. Functional performance tests forassessing knee status is clearly evident in the literature, witheach task seen to place different demands on the knee jointunder controlled clinical conditions. MRI is able to asses graftsignal intensity in a non-invasive way. The intra-articular graftundergoes a maturation and remodelling process lasting evenbeyond 24 months due to synovial proliferation,vascularization, and “neoligamentization” of the graft.Materials & Methods: We did a descriptive cross-sectionalstudy of 30 patients with 1.5-T magnetic resonance imaging ofthe knee who had undergone anterior cruciate ligamentreconstruction six months after surgery. The amount of signalintensity changes in graft classified according to crosssectional area in axial sections as <25%, 25-50%, and >50 %.Patients were subjected to functional testing, post-surgery.Results: Of 30 cases examined increased intrasubstance graftsignal intensity was found in 73.3% (22 of 30) of patients onT2-weighted and intermediate weighted MR images. Therewas an insignificant association between graft signal intensityand functional tests.Conclusion: Graft signal intensity on can be seenafter ACL reconstruction and not necessarily correlate withlimitations in patients after ACL reconstruction surgery due tothe process of remodeling.

To Study the Prevalence of Cognitive Impairment in Alcohol Dependence

Introduction: Present study aimed to evaluates the cognitive status among dependent patients and effect of abstinence from alcohol for one month. Materials and methods: Study included 50 alcohol dependent male inpatients and a similar number of age and education matched controls. Specially designed semi-structured proforma was used to collect demographical data. Cognitive functions were evaluated by Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh Battery of Brain dysfunction (PGI-BBD). Assessment by similar method was done in both cases (at baseline and 1 month after abstinence/treatment) and controls. Data was analyzed by SPSS ver. 21.0. Results: Significant cognitive dysfunction was seen in all domains among alcoholics as compared to controls (p<0.05). Post-treatment/ abstinence improvement was seen in all domains except recent memory, mental balance, immediate and delayed recall, retention for similar and dissimilar pairs. Performance quotient impairment was seen in 40 (80%), 18 (36%) and 12 (24%) in pre-treatment, post-treatment and control group respectively. Further PQ evaluation revealed that mean scores of 69.54, 82.82 and 91.08 (p<0.05; all groups). Increase in years of consuming alcohol of study group is associated with more cognitive impairment in memory and intelligence. Conclusion: Present study had validated the assumption that there is significant cognitive impairment among alcohol dependent cases. These deficits can be detected with formal neuropsychological assessment Awareness of alcohol’s effects on cognition can help health-care providers in addressing the problem and instituting appropriate treatment.

Avaliação Somativa de Habilidades Cognitivas: Experiência Envolvendo Boas Práticas para a Elaboração de Testes de Múltipla Escolha e a Composição de Exames / Summative Assessment of Cognitive Skills: an Experience Involving Good Practices for Writing Multiple Choice Tests and Exam Composition

RESUMO As questões objetivas ou testes de múltipla escolha com somente uma alternativa correta constituem um dos métodos mais utilizados em todo o mundo em exames destinados a avaliar habilidades cognitivas, especialmente nas avaliações somativas. Provas que contêm predominantemente questões objetivas de múltipla escolha são utilizadas sobretudo nos exames em que muita coisa está em jogo, como concursos vestibulares, provas finais de cursos de graduação e exames próprios dos concursos de ingresso à residência médica ou de obtenção de título de especialista. Esta ampla difusão justifica-se pelo fato de os exames compostos com este tipo de questão preencherem mais completamente os requisitos de validade e de fidedignidade, além de terem vantagens quanto à viabilidade ou factibilidade, particularmente em provas com grande número de candidatos. No entanto, os requisitos de validade e fidedignidade, em especial, somente são preenchidos adequadamente quando se seguem normas próprias das boas práticas de construção de exames e de elaboração dos testes propriamente ditos. Neste artigo se descrevem algumas das boas práticas na elaboração de testes de múltipla escolha, baseadas em fontes da literatura nacional e internacional, bem como na experiência dos autores. Apresenta-se e se discute um conjunto de regras práticas para construir questões de múltipla escolha de boa qualidade no que se refere à forma e ao conteúdo e se comenta como compor tabelas de especificação. Este tipo particular de matriz da avaliação permite verificar o alinhamento entre os temas abordados na prova e os objetivos curriculares ou o que se espera que os estudantes/candidatos dominem, o que configura um importante indicador de validade. Apresenta-se também uma experiência bem-sucedida de trabalho em grupo na organização de exames que utilizam este tipo de questão, como exemplo de desenvolvimento de processo organizado para obtenção de questões de melhor qualidade, que também contribuiu para o desenvolvimento docente no campo de avaliação da aprendizagem.

ABSTRACT Objective items or multiple choice questions with just one correct answer are among the most widely used methods for cognitive skills assessment, especially in exams designed for summative purposes. Assessments related to the cognitive domain using multiple choice questions are mostly used in high-stake exams, i.e. where the risks of failing are associated with serious consequences for the candidates. The widespread use of objective items for assessing learning in the cognitive domain may be explained by the fact that this exam modality fulfills both validity and reliability requirements, with the additional advantage that they are practical for use in exams with large numbers of candidates. Nevertheless, the validity and reliability requirements, in particular, will only be properly fulfilled when the process of writing multiple choice questions follows the rules of good practices for constructing exams and writing tests. This manuscript describes some of the rules for developing high quality multiple choice tests, based on both national and international published sources, as well as on the author's experience. These rules relate to the content, language and presentation of the questions. This paper also addresses the importance of following appropriate rules for blueprinting construction, in order to show the alignment between assessment and curriculum and thereby contribute to meeting the validity requirements. It also briefly describes and discusses a successful experience of team work for constructing items and organizing exams. This experience exemplifies the combination of an organized process for constructing high quality questions for a well-balanced examination with an institutional strategy for faculty development in the field of learning assessment.

Correlation between eccentric training and functional tests in subjects with reconstructed acl / Correlação entre treino excêntrico e testes funcionais em sujeitos com lca reconstruído / Correlación entre entrenamiento excéntrico y pruebas funcionales en sujetos con lca reconstruido

INTRODUCTION: Eccentric training and jump tests are widely used to recover and measure deficits in knee strength and functionality after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. OBJECTIVE: To correlate knee extension and flexion torque generated by eccentric isokinetic training, with functional jump tests in subjects with reconstructed ACL. METHOD: Sixteen men with unilateral ACL reconstruction were assessed before and after 12 weeks of eccentric isokinetic training of knee flexors and extensors (3×10 MVC, 2x/week) at 30°/s for extension and flexion torque (isometric; concentric and eccentric at 30 and 120°/s) and functional jump tests (single, triple, cross and figure of 8). Inter- and intra-limb pre- and post-training mean peak torque (MPT), distance and jump test times were compared along with the correlations between these variables, considering P<0.05. RESULTS: The affected limb (AL) showed significant gain of extension and flexion torque (P<0.01) in the different test categories and velocities evaluated. In the non-affected limb (NAL), this only occurred in the eccentric category (30 and 120°/s), in the extension (P<0.01) and flexion (P<0.05 and P<0.01) torques, respectively. In the jumps, there was an increase in distance (single and triple; P<0.05) and a decrease in time (crossed and figure of 8; P<0.01), however, MPT x Jump correlations were weak (r<0.3) in the pre and post-training period in both limbs. CONCLUSION: Despite the gain in knee extension and flexion torque and jumping performance, the expected correlation was not satisfactory, suggesting that knee functionality involves other variables inherent to motor control. Level of Evidence IV; Type of study: Case series.

INTRODUÇÃO: O treino excêntrico e testes de saltos são muito utilizados para recuperar e aferir déficits de força e funcionalidade do joelho, após reconstrução do ligamento cruzado anterior (LCA). OBJETIVO: Correlacionar o torque extensor e flexor do joelho, gerados pelo treino isocinético excêntrico, com testes funcionais de saltos em sujeitos com LCA reconstruído. MÉTODO: Foram avaliados 16 homens, com reconstrução unilateral do LCA, antes e depois de 12 semanas de treino isocinético excêntrico de extensores e flexores do joelho (3 × 10 CEVM, 2x/semana) a 30°/s, quanto ao torque extensor e flexor (isométrico; concêntrico e excêntrico a 30°/s e 120°/s) e aos testes funcionais de saltos (simples, triplo, cruzado e figura em 8). As médias dos picos de torque (MPT), a distância e os tempos dos testes de salto inter e intramembros, pré e pós-treino foram comparados, além das correlações entre essas variáveis, considerando P< 0,05. RESULTADOS: O membro acometido (MA) mostrou ganho significativo de torque extensor e flexor (P< 0,01) nos modos e velocidades avaliados. No membro não acometido (MNA), isso ocorreu apenas para o modo excêntrico (30°/s e 120°/s), do torque extensor (P< 0,01) e flexor (P< 0,05 e P<0,01), respectivamente. Nos saltos, houve aumento da distância (simples e triplo; P< 0,05) e diminuição do tempo (cruzado e figura em 8; P< 0,01), porém, as correlações entre MPT e saltos mostraram-se fracas nos dois membros (r< 0,3) antes e depois do treino. CONCLUSÃO: Apesar do ganho no torque extensor e flexor do joelho e no rendimento dos saltos, a correlação esperada não foi satisfatória, sugerindo que a funcionalidade do joelho envolve outras variáveis inerentes ao controle motor. Nível de evidência IV; Tipo de estudo: Série de casos.

INTRODUCCIÓN: El entrenamiento excéntrico y las pruebas de saltos son muy utilizados para recuperar y medir los déficits de fuerza y funcionalidad de la rodilla, después de la reconstrucción del ligamento cruzado anterior (LCA). OBJETIVO: Correlacionar el torque extensor y flexor de la rodilla, generados por el entrenamiento isocinético excéntrico, con pruebas funcionales de saltos en sujetos con LCA reconstruido. MÉTODO: Fueron evaluados 16 hombres, con reconstrucción unilateral del LCA, antes y después de 12 semanas de entrenamiento isocinético excéntrico de extensores y flexores de la rodilla (3x10 CEVM, 2x/semana) a 30°/s, cuanto al torque extensor y flexor (isométrico, concéntrico y excéntrico a 30 y 120°/s) y a las pruebas funcionales de saltos (simple, triple, cruzado y figura en 8). Se compararon promedios de los picos de torque (MPT), distancia y tiempos de las pruebas de salto, inter e intra-miembros, pre y post-entrenamiento, además de las correlaciones entre estas variables, considerando P<0,05. RESULTADOS: El miembro acometido (MA) mostró aumento significativo del torque extensor y flexor (P<0,01) en los modos y velocidades evaluados. En el miembro no acometido (MNA), eso ocurrió sólo para el modo excéntrico (30 y 120°/s), del torque extensor (P<0,01) y flexor (P<0,05 y P<0,01), respectivamente. En los saltos, hubo aumento en la distancia (simple y triple; P<0,05) y disminución del tiempo (cruzado y figura en 8; P<0,01), sin embargo, las correlaciones MPT x saltos se mostraron débiles (r<0,3) en el pre y post-entrenamiento, en los dos miembros. CONCLUSIÓN: A pesar del aumento en el torque extensor y flexor de la rodilla y en el rendimiento de los saltos, la correlación esperada no fue satisfactoria, sugiriendo que la funcionalidad de la rodilla involucra otras variables inherentes al control motor. Nivel de evidencia IV; Tipo de estudio: Serie de casos

Factorial Structure Validation of the Movement Assessment Battery for Children in School-Age Children Between 8 and 10 Years Old / Validação da Estrutura Fatorial do Movement Assessment Battery for Children em Escolares de 8 a 10 Anos / Validación de la Estructura Factorial del Movement Assessment Battery for Children en Escolares de 8 a 10 Años

Abstract: The adaptation of instruments to other cultural contexts is a complex task that requires careful planning to maintain the content and psychometric properties. One of the most used motor assessment tools in the world is the Movement Assessment Battery for Children 2ed. In this study, we evaluated the factorial organization of the MABC-2 for the age group 8-10 years from the perspective of classical and modern psychometric theory. For this purpose, a group of 350 school children in the city of Manaus (AM, Brazil) was evaluated. The factorial structure of the MABC-2 and a new factorial structure with four factors were tested. For data analysis, descriptive and inferential statistics were used. Factor analysis confirmed the original three-factor model. Based on these results, good evidences of validity were produced, based on the internal structure of the MABC-2 proposed by the original authors, confirming its ability to identify disorders in the development of coordination.

Resumo A adaptação de instrumentos para outros contextos culturais é uma tarefa complexa, que exige rigor quanto à manutenção do conteúdo e das características psicométricas. Um dos instrumentos de avaliação motora mais utilizados no mundo trata-se do Movement Assessment Battery for Children 2ed. Neste estudo avaliou-se a partir da perspectiva da teoria da psicométrica clássica e moderna, a organização fatorial do MABC-2 para a faixa etária de 8 a 10 anos. Para isso foram avaliados 350 escolares da cidade de Manaus (AM, Brazil) Foram testadas a estrutura fatorial original do MABC-2 composta por três fatores e ainda uma nova estrutura fatorial do MABC-2 (4 fatores). Para análise dos dados foi utilizada a estatística descritiva e inferencial. A análise fatorial confirmou o modelo original de três fatores. Com base nestes resultados foi possível identificar boas evidências de validade baseada na estrutura interna do MABC-2 proposto pelos autores originais confirmando a sua capacidade de identificar desordens no desenvolvimento da coordenação.

Resumen: La adaptación de instrumentos para otros contextos culturales es una tarea compleja que requiere rigor para mantener el contenido y las características psicométricas. Una de las herramientas de evaluación motora más utilizada en el mundo es el Movement Assessment Battery for Children 2ed. En este estudio se evaluó, desde el punto de vista de la teoría de la psicométrica clásica y moderna, la organización factor del MABC-2 para el grupo de edad de 8-10 años. Para eso, fueron evaluados 350 estudiantes de la ciudad de Manaus (AM, Brazil). La estructura factorial original del MABC-2 con tres factores y también nueva estructura factorial del MABC-2(4 factores) se pusieron a prueba. Para el análisis de datos se utilizó la estadística descriptiva e inferencial. El análisis factorial confirmó el modelo original de tres factores. Con base en estos resultados se pudo identificar buenas evidencias de validez basada en la estructura interna del MABC-2 propuesta por los autores originales, que confirman su capacidad para identificar trastornos en el desarrollo de la coordinación.

Relationship between physical fitness and game-related statistics in elite professional basketball players: Regular season vs. playoffs

AIMS This study aimed to verify th erelation ship between of anthropometric and physical performance variables with game-related statistics in professional elite basketball players during a competition. METHODS Eleven male basketball players were evaluated during 10 weeks in two distinct moments (regular season and playoffs). Overall, 11 variables of physical fitness and 13 variables of game-related statistics were analysed. RESULTS The following significant Pearson's correlations were found in regular season: percentage of fat mass with assists (r = -0.62) and steals (r = -0.63); height (r = 0.68), lean mass (r = 0.64), and maximum strength (r = 0.67) with blocks; squat jump with steals (r = 0.63); and time in the T-test with success ful two-point field-goals (r = -0.65), success ful free-throws (r = -0.61), and steals (r = -0.62). However, in playoffs, only stature and lean mass maintained these correlations (p ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The anthropometric and physical characteristics of the players showed few correlations with the game-related statistics in regular season, and these correlations are even lower in the playoff games of a professional elite Champion ship, wherefore, not being good predictors of technical performance.(AU)

RELAÇÃO ENTRE A EFICÁCIA DA SUPERIORIDADE NUMÉRICA TEMPORAL E O RESULTADO DA PARTIDA NO POLO AQUÁTICO / RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MAN-UP PLAY PERFORMANCE AND MATCH OUTCOME IN WATER POLO

O estudo relacionou a eficácia das situações de superioridade numérica temporal (H+) com o resultado dos jogos de uma competição nacional de polo aquático. Analisando as súmulas da competição a eficácia de H+ foi classificada como"baixa", "média" ou "alta". Já as equipes, pelo resultado da partida, foram classificadas como "perdedoras" ou "vencedoras". Utilizou-se a estatística descritiva e o teste qui-quadrado para avaliar o relacionamento entre as variáveis. Quando a eficácia de H+ foi baixa, 68% das equipes perderam a partida. Quando foi alta, 86,2% das equipes foram vencedoras. A eficácia de H+ teve um efeito significativo no resultado das partidas ( p < 0.001), sendo que uma equipe com baixa eficácia de H+ apresentou 13,25 mais chances de derrota. Concluiu-se que a eficácia de H+ influencia o resultado das partidas. Quando esta é média ou alta, as equipes apresentaram maior índice de vitória.

The present study analyzed the relationship between man-up play efficacy (H+) and the match outcome of water polo national competitions. Through official game reports, H+ information was obtained, which enabled to consider the efficacy of such tactical situation as "low", "medium" or "high". Moreover, according to the match outcome, teams were considered as "losers" or "winners". Descriptive statistics was used and the chi-square test was applied to seethe variables relationship. When H+ efficacy was low, 68% of the teams have lost. In turn, when it was high, 86.2% of the teams won the game. The H+ situation had a significant effect on the match outcome ( p <0.001) and a team with low H+ efficacy had 13.25 more chances of losing the match. We conclude that H+ efficacy influences matches outcome. When H+ efficacy is medium or high, there is more probability of winning.

Reliability of the 50-foot walk test and 30-sec chair stand test in total knee arthroplasty

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the reliability of the 50-Foot Walk Test (50 FWT) and 30-second Chair Stand Test (30 CST) in patients who have undergone total knee arthroplasty (TKA). METHODS: The study was designed as a test-retest research. Thirty-three patients who would undergo bilateral TKA were recruited. The tests 30 CST and 50 FWT were performed twice on the same day with 5-minute intervals, respectively. Between the first and second tests, patients waited for an hour on sitting position in order to prevent fatigue. In addition to these tests, we registered the knee pain experienced by the patients using a 100 mm VAS scale. RESULTS: The 50 FWT and 30 CST showed excellent reliability. ICC for 50 FWT and 30 CST were 0.97 and 0.92, respectively. SRD95 was 1.07 for 50 FWT and 0.96 for 30 CST. CONCLUSIONS: According to results of this study, both 50 FWT and 30 CST have excellent reliability in patients with TKA. These tests are simple, no time consuming and constitute sensitive methods to measure the functional performance in patients with TKA in the clinical settings. Clinicians and researchers may use these tests to quantify even small changes in functional performance for patients with TKA. Level of Evidence III, Diagnostic Study.

Relação entre habilidades cognitivas não-verbais e variáveis presentes no contexto educacional / Relationship between non-verbal cognitive abilities and variables in the educational context / Relación entre habilidades cognitivas no-verbales y variables presentes en el contexto educacional

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a relação entre habilidades cognitivas não-verbais avaliadas pela Escala Internacional de Inteligência Leiter-R e variáveis presentes no contexto educacional. A Leiter-R foi administrada em 213 crianças com idades entre 6 e 8 anos, pertencentes a escolas públicas e particulares, juntamente com o Teste de Competência de Leitura de Palavras e Pseudopalavras e a Prova de Aritmética. Os alunos de escolas particulares alcançaram uma pontuação superior aos de escolas públicas nos 6 subtestes da Leiter-R, sendo que essas diferenças também foram observadas na faixa etária de 6 anos. No entanto, aos 7e 8 anos, as diferenças foram apenas em 2 subtestes. As correlações entre a Leiter-R e os testes de desempenho acadêmico foram positivas, significativas e de magnitude moderada. As análises de regressão linear indicaram predição das habilidades cognitivas em 24,2% do desempenho em aritmética e 30,6% do desempenho de leitura.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between non-verbal cognitive skills evaluated by the Leiter-R Intelligence International Scale and variables in the educational context. The Leiter-R was administered to 213 children aged between 6 and 8 years old, belonging to public and private schools, along with the Reading Competence Test of words and pseudo words and Proof of arithmetic. Students of private schools reached a higher score to the public schools in six subtests of the Leiter-R, and these differences were also observed in the age group for six years. However, between the ages of 7 and 8 years, the differences were only in two subtests. The correlations between the Leiter-R and academic achievement tests were positive, significant and of moderate magnitude. The linear regression analyzes indicated prediction of cognitive abilities in 24.2% of the arithmetic performance and 30.6% of the read performance.

El objetivo de este estudio fue verificar la relación entre habilidades cognitivas no-verbales evaluadas por la Escala Internacional de Inteligencia Leiter-R y variables presentes en el contexto educacional. Se administró la Leiter-R a 213 niños con edades entre 6 y 8 años, pertenecientes a escuelas públicas y particulares, juntamente con el Test de Competencia de Lectura de Palabras y Pseudo-palabras y la Prueba de Aritmética. Los alumnos de escuelas particulares alcanzaron una puntuación superior a los de escuelas públicas en los 6 sub-testes da Leiter-R, siendo que esas diferencias también fueran observadas en la etapa etaria de 6 años. Sin embargo, a los 7 y 8 años, las diferencias fueron sólo en 2sub-testes. Las correlaciones entre la Leiter-R y los testes de desempeño académico fueron positivas, significativas y de magnitud moderada. Los análisis de regresión linear indicaron predicción de las habilidades cognitivas e nel 24,2% del desempeño en aritmética y el 30,6% del desempeño de lectura.

A model for the functional assessment of elderly with myeloid neoplasms

Objective: Myeloid neoplasms are heterogeneous diseases that are more incident in the elderly. The goals of this study were to aggregate a geriatric approach to the patient assessment, to show the impact of gender, age, hemoglobin concentration and comorbidities on the functionality of elderly with myeloid neoplasms and to better understand how the instruments of functional assessment work according to the aggressiveness of the disease. Methods: Elderly patients (≥60 years old) with myeloid neoplasms were assessed using the Karnofsky scale, Eastern Cooperative Oncologic Group scale, and basic and instru- mental activities of daily living scales. The hematopoietic cell transplantation-comorbidity index assessed the comorbidities. A mixed logistical regression model was fitted to estimate the impact of gender, age, hemoglobin concentration and the hematopoietic cell transplantation-comorbidity index on patients' functionality. Results: Eighty-two patients with a mean age of 72.8 years (range: 60-92 years) were evaluated. Eighty percent had good Karnofsky and Eastern Cooperative Oncologic Group scales and 39% were independent according to the daily living activity scales. All of the patients with poor Karnofsky and Eastern Cooperative Oncologic Group scales were classified as dependent by the daily living activity scales. The mixed logistic regression models showed that age, gender, hemoglobin concentration and the comorbidity index impacted on the daily living activity scales. Karnofsky and Eastern Cooperative Oncologic Group scales were affected by hemoglobin and the comorbidity index. The model hypothesized the hemoglobin concentration at which there was a higher risk of poor Karnofsky and Eastern Cooperative Oncologic Group scales. This hemoglobin concentration depended on comorbidities and on the aggressiveness of the myeloid neoplasm. Conclusion: The geriatric approach improved the sensitivity and specificity ...

Relação entre antropometria, desempenho físico e estatística de jogo em jogadores jovens de elite de basquetebol / Relationship between anthropometrics, physical performance and game statistics in young elite basketball players

Diagnosticar as características antropométricas e de desempenho físico da seleção brasileira de basquetebol sub19, e associar essas variáveis ao desempenho técnico de jogo durante o campeonato mundial. Doze jogadores de elite de basquetebol, com idade de 18,6 ± 0,7 anos, massa corporal de 91,3 ± 8,7kg, estatura de 195,2 ± 10,2cm e percentual de gordura de 11,4 ± 1,51 % participaram do estudo. Os testes de desempenho físico foram: corrida 20m (C20), corrida T40m (T40) e Yo-yo Intermittent Recovery I (Yo-yo RI). Por meio das estatísticas de jogo, foram analisados os indicadores de desempenho técnico de jogo. A análise estatística utilizada foi à estatística descritiva pelos valores médios, desvio padrão, valores máximo e mínimo. Foi utilizada a correlação linear de Pearson entre os valores antropométricos, de desempenho físico e o desempenho técnico dos jogos. O nível de significância da correlação foi de p<0,05. Os resultados foram expressos em média, desvio padrão, máximo e mínimo, sendo C20 = 2,97 ± 0,14s, 3,23s e 2,79s, T40 = 8,67 ± 0,41s, 9,72s e 8,29s e Yo-yo RI = 1173 ± 291,1m, 1760m e 800m. Foram identificadas correlações positivas e significantes da C20 com massa corporal (r= 0,72), estatura (r= 0,79), porcentagem de gordura (r= 0,79) e massa gorda (r= 0,81); e do T40 com estatura (r= 0,72) e porcentagem de gordura (r= 0,72). Não foram identificadas correlações significantes entre os testes de desempenho físico e os indicadores de desempenho técnico de jogo. Os achados do presente estudo sugerem que acertos / erros técnicos num campeonato de curta duração estão aparentemente associados à capacidade técnico-tática e tomada de decisão dos jogadores do que ao nível de desempenho físico.(AU)

To diagnose anthropometric and physical performance characteristics of the Brazilian national basketball U19, and link these variables to the set of technical performance during the world championship. Twelve elite basketball players, aged 18.6 ± 0.7 years, body mass 91.3 ± 8.7 kg, height of 195.2 ± 10.2 cm and fat percentage of 11.4 ± 1.51% in the study. Physical performance tests were run 20m (C20), running T40m (T40) and Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery I (Yo-yo RI). Through the game statistics, the technical performance indicators set were analyzed. The statistical analysis was descriptive statistics as the mean value, standard deviation, maximum and minimum values. We used the Pearson correlation coefficients between anthropometric values, physical performance and the technical performance of games. The correlation level of significance was p <0.05. The results were expressed as mean, standard deviation, maximum and minimum, being C20 = 2.97 ± 0,14s, 3,23s and 2,79s, T40 = 8.67 ± 0,41s, 9,72s and 8,29s and Yo-yo RI = 1173 ± 291,1m, 1760m and 800m. Positive and significant correlations with body mass of the C20 were identified (r = 0.72), height (r = 0.79), percentage of fat (r = 0.79) and fat mass (r = 0.81); and T40 with height (r = 0.72) and percentage fat (r = 0.72). We found no significant correlations between the physical performance tests and technical performance indicators game. The findings of this study suggest that the success and unsuccess technical performance in a short championship are apparently associated with the technical and tactical ability and decision making of the players than the level of physical performance.(AU)

Research on performance tests and evaluation for mCT PET/CT / 中国医学装备

Objective:It is to discuss results and significance of PET/CT in the performance tests.Methods: According to NEMA NU 2-2007 Performance Measurements of Positron Emission Tomographs and GB 17589-2011 specifications for quality assurance test for computed tomography X-ray scanners standards, with phantoms of nuclear medicine and CT, performance testing was done.Results: Spatial Resolution (FWHM): transverse 1 cm 4.16 mm, axial: 1 cm 4.04 mm, transverse 10 cm 4.92 mm, axial: 10 cm 5.74 mm. Sensitivity: 9.6 s-1·kBq-1, scatter fraction: 35.4%, peak NEC rate: 1.69×105 s-1.Conclusion: According to manufacturers and national standards, the results of performances testing are up to standard. It is necessary to enhance the effect of in quality control(QC) of PET/CT and the fundamentality of the performance tests, so that the devices come to the demands for clinical practice.